During the last few years the fractional calculus has been applied successfully to a variety of applied problems.It draws a great applications in nonlinear oscillations of earthquakes, many physical phenomena such as seepage flow in porous media and in fluid dynamic traffic model, see[1, 2].For more details on fractional calculus theory, one can see the monographs of Kai Diethelm [3], Kilbas et al.[4], Lakshmikantham et al.[1], Podlubny [5].Fractional differential equations involving the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative or the Caputo fractional derivative have been paid more and more attentions [6-9].
Recently, the boundary value problems for fractional differential equations have provoked a great deal attention and many results have been obtained, for example [2, 10-12, 14, 16, 17].
In [2], Athinson investigated the following boundary value problem(BVP) of integral type
where $a\left( t \right):\left[ {{t_0}, + \infty } \right) \to \left( {0, + \infty } \right),\lambda > 0$.
As a fractional counterpart of (1.1), some scholars have introduced another kind of two-point BVP(see[14])
where $_0D_t^\alpha f\left( t \right)$ stands for the Riemann-Liouville derivative(see Section 2) of order α of some function f, here $\alpha \in \left( {0,1} \right)$, ${x^\lambda } = {\left| x \right|^\lambda }{\rm{sign}}x$ and $\Gamma \left( . \right)$ stands for Euler's function Gamma.
Inspired by the work of above papers, the aim of this paper is to solve the BVPs of the following equations
where $_0D_t^\beta $ stands for the Riemann-Liouville derivative of order β , and M is a constant, β ∈ (1, 2). And
where M(constant)∈ (0, +∞ ), α ∈ (0, 1), f is continuous functions, $_0^cD_t^\alpha u\left( t \right)$ is Caputo derivative of order α (see Section 2) and $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } \beta \left( t \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } \gamma \left( t \right) = 0$, β (t)≤ γ (t), t ≥ t0 > 0.
In this section, we introduce some definitions about fractional differential equation and theorems that are useful to the proof of our main results. For more details, one can see[3], [5].
Definition 2.1 The fractional Riemann-Liouville integral of order α ∈ (0, 1) of a function $f:\left[ {0, + \infty } \right) \to R$ given by
where $\Gamma \left( . \right)$ denotes the Gamma function.
Definition 2.2 The Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives are defined respectively as
and
where n is the first integer which is not less than p, $D^{(.)}$ and $^{c}{{D}^{(.)}}$ are Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives respectively.
Definition 2.3 For measurable functions $m:R\rightarrow R$, define the norm
where $\mu(\widetilde{R})$ is the Lebesgue measure on $\widetilde{R}$.Let $L^{p}(R, R)$ be the Banach space of all Lebesgue measurable functions $m:R\rightarrow R$ with $\|m\|_{L^{p}(R)}< \infty.$
We give some useful theorems to illustrate the relation between Riemann-Liouvill and Caputo fractional derivative and the operational formula about Riemann-Liouvill derivative.
Theorem 2.1(see [3, p.54]) Assume that $\eta\geq0, m=\lceil\eta\rceil$, and $f\in A^{m}[a, b]$.Then
Theorem 2.2(see[5, p.74]) The composition of two fractional Riemann-Liouville derivative operators:$_{a}D_{t}^{p}(m-1\leq p<m)$, and $_{a}D_{t}^{q}(n-1\leq q<n)$, m, n are both positive integer,
Theorem 2.3(Banach's Fixed Point Theorem) Assume $(U, d)$ to be a nonempty complete metric space, let $0\leq\alpha<1$ and let the mapping $A:U\rightarrow U$ satisfy the inequality
for every $u, v\in U$.Then, A has a uniquely determined fixed point $u^{*}$.Furthermore, for any $u_{0}\in U$, the sequence $(A^{j}u_{0})_{j=1}^{\infty}$ converges to this fixed point $u^{*}$.
The following lemma 3.1 we proved will be used to solve (1.3).
Lemma 3.1 In the eq.(1.3), let $\beta=1+\alpha, \alpha\in(0, 1)$, and we can have
where $v(t)=u^{'}(t)$.
Proof Using the formula (2.5) and the equation $_{0}D{_{t}^{\beta}}{u(t)}+f(t, u(t), u^{'}(t))=0$, we can get
that is
We now prove the following result can hold
Due to $\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}t^{1-\alpha}u^{'}(t)=0$, then $\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}t^{2-\alpha}u^{'}(t)=0$. With (3.2), we can easily get (3.3). So (3.2) can be changed into
and remember $\int_{t}^{+\infty}v(s)ds=M-u(t)$, we can obtain (3.1).The proof is completed.
Now, we introduce the set X and the metric $d(v_1, v_2)$ of X. We define
for any $v_1, v_2\in X$. One can easily prove that (X, d)is a complete metric space by the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem[13].
Some hypothesis will be introduced here.
[H1]:f meets weak Lipschitz condition with the second and the third variables on X:
especially, $|f|\leq a(t)d(v, 0)=a(t)(\|v\|_{L^1}+sup_{t\geq0}|v|) $, $v\in X.$ And a(t) can be some nonnegative continuous functions that can make [H2] and [H3] hold.
[H2]: Let $\omega_{0}(t)=\int_0^{t}(t-\tau)^{\alpha-1}B(\tau)d\tau+\int_t^{+\infty}\int_0^{s}(s-\tau)^{\alpha-1}B(\tau)d\tau ds $, we assume $0<\omega_{0}(t)<1$, where $B(t)=a(t)[\Gamma(\alpha)]^{-1}$.
Theorem 3.1 Assume that [H1], [H2] are satisfied.Then the problem (1.3) has a solution $u(t)=M-\int_0^{+\infty}v(s)ds,t>0 $, where $v\in(C\cap L^{\infty}\cap L^1)([0, +\infty), R)$.
Proof From Lemma 3.1, the operator T can be defined by $T:X\rightarrow(C\cap L^{\infty}\cap L^1)([0, +\infty), R)$ with the formula
From [H1] and (3.5), $(Tv)(t)$ satisfies
so $TX\subseteq X$.
According to (3.4), we get
for any $v_{1}, v_{2} \in X$.
First, from (3.5) and (3.6), we have
Second,
Then (3.7) and (3.8) yield
By using [H2] and Theorem 2.3, Tv has a fixed point v0.This v0 function is the solution of the problem (1.3). The proof is completed.
Remark 3.1 In fact, the problem (1.2) is the special case of Theorem 3.1.One can easily get the existence result from the procedure of proving Theorem 3.1.
Remark 3.2 In the following part, we will prove that some conditions supplied can make $0<\omega_{0}(t)<1$ true. We can choose a simple candidate for $a(t)$ which is provided by the restriction $a(t)\leq c\cdot t^{-2}, t\geq t_0>0, $ c is undetermined coefficient.Using the restriction, we acquire that
It is easily found that the integral mean value theorem can be used in here to obtain that
in which $\theta\in(0, 1)$.So we can select $0<c<\frac{(1-\alpha)\Gamma(\alpha)(1-\theta)^{1-\alpha}\theta^{2}}{(1-\alpha)t_0^{\alpha-2}+t_0^{\alpha-1}}$ make that true.In fact, if $a(t)\leq ct^{-(\alpha+1)}$, we can find a suitable c which achieve that.So if we can find appropriate $a(t)$ which satisfy [H1] and [H2], we can solve problem (3) with some supplied conditions.
In order to obtain existence theorems of equation (1.4), we introduce the following definitions and assumption.
Let
and consider $\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow{+\infty}}u(t)=M$, we have
We still need to give [H3] to solve (1.4).
[H3]: a(t) satisfies the following inequalities
a(t) is nonnegative continuous function.
Theorem 3.2 Assume that [H1], [H3] hold.Problem (1.4) has a solution on X1.
Proof From (2.5) and the conditions with $\beta(t), \gamma(t)$ supplied, and $\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow{+\infty}}u(t)=M$, we can obtain that
Similar to the definition about d in Theorem 3.1, we have
One can easily prove the matric space $E=(X_1, d)$ is complete by using Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem.
In fact, we can define $T:X_1\rightarrow C([t_0, +\infty);R)$ given by the formula
where $v(t)\in X_1$.It is easy to see that $T X_1\subseteq X_1$ from the definition about X1.The operator T is contraction in X1, so we have
Considering [H1],
and [H3], we yield
for all $v_1, v_2\in X_1$.
At last, by Theorem 2.3, the function $u(t)=M-\int_t^{+\infty}v(s)ds, t\geq t_0>0, $ where v is the fixed point of operator T, which is the solution we want.
Remark 3.3 If $\alpha=1$, we will obtain the equation $u^{''}(t)+f(t, u(t), u^{'}(t))=0, t\geq t_0>0$.This kind of equation has been studied by Octavian and G.Mustafa (see[13])with some supplied conditions of $u(t)$ and $u^{'}(t)$
where $\beta(t), \gamma(t)$ are continuous nonnegative functions satisfying
The terminal value problem included $u^{''}+f(t, u, u^{'})=0, t\geq t_0>0, \lim\limits_{t\rightarrow+\infty}u(t)=M\in R$ has a long history as part of the general asymptotic integration theory of ordinary differential equaitions.In fact, if $\alpha=1$, and we know that $\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow0}|\Gamma(t)|=+\infty$, we can get the result in [13] from Theorem 3.2.
Remark 3.4 From Theorem 2.1, if we have some initial value about $u(t)$ and use $_{0}D_t^{\alpha}u(t)$ instead of $_{0}^{c}D_t^{\alpha}u(t)$ in problem (1.4), we still can solve that problem by using the similar way in Theorem 3.2.
Remark 3.5 We concern about that if there exists $a(t)$ can make [H3] true.In fact, in the $u(t)$ definition domain, let $t\geq t_0>0$, $a(t)\leq c t^{-h}, h>3-\alpha, \alpha\in(0, 1)$ and select $0<c<min\{\frac{(h-1)(h-2)}{t_0^{1-h}(t_0+h-2)}, \frac{\Gamma(1-\alpha)(\alpha+h-2)(\alpha+h-3)}{t_0^{2-\alpha-h}(\alpha+h+t_0-3)}\}$, one can easily find that [H3] can hold.The process to get range of c is similar with Remark 3.2.
In this paper, we solve two kinds of boundary value problems which include results in [13, 14].In fact, some equations with some boundary value conditions can also include results in this paper.Our future work is just to solve equation as the following one: $_{0}D{_{t}^{\beta}}{u(t)}+f(t, u(t), u^{\alpha}(t))=0$, $\alpha, \beta $ are some fractional numbers.To solve this kind of equation also need some boundary value conditions.